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ABSTRACT A 51-year-old non-obese woman presented with a one-week history of progressive blurry vision within the inferior visual field of her left eye. Her only relevant past medical history was long-standing hypothyroidism and recent vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an mRNA vaccine 12 days before the onset of symptoms. At examination, the anterior segment was unremarkable, but the retinal fundus revealed a central retinal vein occlusion associated with a branch retinal artery occlusion of the superior temporal branch in her left eye. Ancillary tests to rule out thrombophilia, hyperviscosity, hypercoagulability, or inflammation were negative. Ultrasound tests were also negative for a cardiac or carotid origin of the branch retinal artery occlusion. At two-month follow-up, no new retinal vascular occlusive events were observed. Although the best-corrected visual acuity at presentation was 8/10 in the left eye, the final best-corrected visual acuity remained 3/10.
RESUMO Uma mulher de 51 anos, não obesa, apresentou história de uma semana de visão embaçada progressiva no campo visual inferior do olho esquerdo. Seu único histórico médico anterior relevante era hipotireoidismo de longa data e uma recente vacinação contra a Doença de Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), com vacina de mRNA, 12 dias antes do início dos sintomas. O exame mostrou segmento anterior normal, mas o fundo da retina revelou uma oclusão da veia central da retina associada a uma oclusão de ramo arterial da retina do ramo temporal superior no olho esquerdo. Testes auxiliares para descartar trombofilia, hiperviscosidade, hipercoagulabilidade ou inflamação apresentaram resultados negativos. Testes de ultrassom também foram negativos quanto a uma origem cardíaca ou da carótida da oclusão do ramo da artéria da retina. Após dois meses de acompanhamento, nenhum novo evento vascular oclusivo retiniano foi observado. Embora, a acuidade visual melhor corrigida na apresentação tenha sido de 8/10 no olho esquerdo, a acuidade visual final melhor corrigida permaneceu em 3/10.
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Nucleic acids, as a next generation of biotechnology drugs, not only can fundamentally treat diseases, but also own significant platform characteristics in view of technology and production. Therefore, nucleic acid-based drugs have broad clinical applications in biomedical fields. However, nucleic acids are degradable and unstable, and have very low intracellular delivery efficiency in vitro and in vivo, which greatly limits their applications. In recent years, ionizable lipid-based lipid nanoparticles have shown promising application potentials and have been successfully applied to COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) vaccines in clinic. Lipid nanoparticles demonstrate high in vivo delivery efficiency and good safety profile due to their unique structural and physicochemical properties, which provides many possibilities for their clinical applications for nucleic acid delivery in the future. This review focused on the characteristics of nucleic acid drugs and their delivery barriers, and discussed the approved nucleic acid drugs to illustrate the key aspects of the success of their delivery carrier system. In addition, problems to be solved in the field were highlighted.
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Due to long-term use of immunosuppressant, poor immune function and a higher risk of critical diseases after novel coronavirus pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients, it is of significance to deliver prophylactic vaccination for this high-risk population. Studies have shown that the immune reaction of kidney transplant recipients to novel coronavirus vaccine is significantly lower than that of healthy counterparts. Standard vaccination program in the United States, such as 2 doses of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, fails to provide sufficient protection for kidney transplant recipients. Many studies have proven that increasing the frequency of vaccination for kidney transplant recipients may enhance the vaccine efficacy. Nevertheless, the role of adjusting immunosuppressive therapy in increasing vaccine efficacy remains to be elucidated. In this article, the importance, effectiveness and particularity of novel coronavirus vaccine for kidney transplant recipients and the effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the efficacy of novel coronavirus vaccine were reviewed, aiming to provide reference on the vaccination for kidney transplant recipients.
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ObjectiveIn this study， based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（UHPLC-MS/MS） and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technology（RNA-seq）， we investigated the mechanism of Yishen Huashi granules in regulating serum metabolites and renal messenger ribonucleic acid（mRNA） expression to improve diabetic kidney disease（DKD）. MethodSD rats were randomly divided into normal group ， model group and Yishen Huashi granules group， with 8 rats in each group. The rat model of DKD was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Yishen Huashi granules group was given 5.54 g·kg-1·d-1 of Yishen Huashi granules by gavage， and the normal group and the model group were given the same amount of normal saline for 6 weeks. During the experiment， the body weight and blood glucose of rats were monitored， and the rats were anesthetized 24 hours after the last administration， blood was collected from the inferior vena cava， serum was separated， and renal function， blood lipid， and inflammatory indicators were detected. Kidney tissue of rats was fixed in neutral paraformaldehyde， and stained with hematoxylin-eosin（HE）， Masson and periodic acid-Schiff（PAS） to observe the renal pathological changes. UHPLC-MS/MS and RNA-seq were used to identify the changes of serum metabolism and the differences of renal mRNA expression， and real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） and Western blot were used to detect the differential mRNA and protein expression in renal tissue to explore the common expression mechanism. ResultCompared with the normal group， rats in the model group showed a decrease in body weight， a significant increase in blood glucose， urinary microalbumin to urinary creatinine ratio（UACR）， blood urea nitrogen（BUN）， cystatin-C（Cys-C）， β2-microglobulin（β2-MG）， interleukin-6（IL-6）， triglyceride（TG） and total cholesterol（TC）， and a significant decrease in total superoxide dismutase（T-SOD）（P<0.01）. After the intervention of Yishen Huashi granules， all the indexes were improved to different degrees in rats（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the normal group， the model group showed renal mesangial stromal hyperplasia， fibrous tissue hyperplasia and tubular vacuolar degeneration. Compared with the model group， the renal pathology of rats in Yishen Huashi granules group was improved to a certain extent. A total of 14 target metabolites and 96 target mRNAs were identified， the target metabolites were mainly enriched in 20 metabolic pathways， including sphingolipid metabolism， glycerophospholipid metabolism， and the biosynthesis of phenylalanine， tyrosine and tryptophan. The target mRNAs were enriched to obtain a total of 21 differential mRNAs involved in the TOP20 pathways closely related to glycolipid metabolism. A total of 6 pathways， glycerophospholipid metabolism， arachidonic acid metabolism， purine metabolism， primary bile acid biosynthesis， ascorbic acid and uronic acid metabolism， and galactose metabolism， were enriched by serum differential metabolites and renal differential mRNAs， among them， there were 7 differential metabolites such as phosphatidylethanolamine（PE） and 7 differential mRNAs such as recombinant adenylate cyclase 3（ADCY3）. Seven differential metabolites had high predictive accuracy as verified by receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve， and the results of Real-time PCR and Western blot were highly consistent with the sequencing results. ConclusionYishen Huashi granules can reduce UACR， BUN and other biochemical indexes， correct the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism， and improve renal function of DKD rats. And its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the level of PE and other blood metabolites， and expression of Phospho1 and other mRNAs in the kidney， of which six pathways， including glycerophospholipid metabolism， may play an important role.
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) medicines have strong therapeutic potential for numerous rare genetic illnesses and malignancies because of its exact programmability based on Watson-Crick base pairing principle and unique ability to regulate gene expression. However, RNA medicines still have limitations in many areas, including stability, half-life time, immunogenicity, organ selectivity, cellular uptake and endosomal escape efficiency despite their great therapeutic potentials. This review briefly introduced numerous RNA medications [mostly messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)] that have intrigued of researchers in recent years, as well as their action mechanism in vivo. A number of delivery techniques, such as chemical modification, ligands coupling and nanocarriers have been proposed. The manufacture and applications of lipid nanoparticle, polymer nanoparticle and exosomes were discussed in depth. The goal of this work is to give a theoretical foundation and design concepts for the development of effective and safe RNA delivery technology, as well as to facilitate RNA therapeutic clinical translation.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) has drawn much attention in the medical field. Through various treatment approaches including protein replacement therapies, gene editing, and cell engineering, mRNA is becoming a potential therapeutic strategy for cancers. However, delivery of mRNA into targeted organs and cells can be challenging due to the unstable nature of its naked form and the low cellular uptake. Therefore, in addition to mRNA modification, efforts have been devoted to developing nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. In this review, we introduce four categories of nanoparticle platform systems: lipid, polymer, lipid-polymer hybrid, and protein/peptide-mediated nanoparticles, together with their roles in facilitating mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies. We also highlight promising treatment regimens and their clinical translation.
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Messenger RNA(mRNA) CCT6A can encode chaperone proteins and plays an important role in malignant tumors such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer. CCT6A is highly expressed in malignant tumors, which can be used as a biomarker to assess patients' prognosis, and promote malignant biological behaviors such as tumor proliferation and metastasis by regulating transforming growth factor β signals, cell cycles, and other pathways. CCT6A can also modulate immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment and may be a potential target for tumor immunotherapy. The paper reviews the expression and function of CCT6A in malignancies.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) play a vital role in prediction, diagnosis and therapy of metabolic disorders. Methods: Metabolic enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in serum of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and coronary artery diseases were measured by spectrophotometric methods. mRNA was isolated from leukocytes of the patient group and healthy adult patients. Quantitative gene expression of PSEN1, CAT and GST mRNA was identified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: The PSEN1, CAT and GST expression in patients showed significant differences compared to the control group. PSEN1 expression in leukocytes was significantly about twice as high as that of the control group in patients with CVD. The GST, CAT and PON1 activity showed significant differences in patient groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: The mRNA expression levels can be used as a potential biomarker in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis that occurs as a result of the metabolic disorder. In atherosclerotic patients, antioxidant status is independently related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Antioxidant activities and mRNA expressions may have predictive value, as well as available risk factors.
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OBJECTIVES@#To explore the differential expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) in myocardial tissues of rats with sudden coronary death (SCD), and to provide ideas for the forensic identification of SCD.@*METHODS@#The rat SCD model was established, and the transcriptome sequencing was performed by next-generation sequencing technology. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in myocardial tissues of SCD rats were screened by using the R package limma. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by using the STRING database and Cytoscape 3.8.2 on DEG, and hub genes were screened based on cytoHubba plug-in. Finally, the R package clusterProfiler was used to analyze the biological function and signal pathway enrichment of the selected DEG.@*RESULTS@#A total of 177 DEGs were associated with SCD and were mainly involved in the renin-angiotensin system and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The genes including angiotensinogen (AGT), complement component 4a (C4a), Fos proto-oncogene (FOS) and others played key roles in the development of SCD.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Genes such as AGT, C4a, FOS and other genes are expected to be potential biomarkers for forensic identification of SCD. The study based on mRNA expression profile can provide a reference for forensic identification of SCD.
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Rats , Animals , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Gene Regulatory Networks , Gene Expression Profiling , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , BiomarkersABSTRACT
Objective: To establish a detection method based on Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) that can sensitively detect the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the cytoplasm. Methods: The eukaryotic expression vectors of CFTR and YFP-H148Q / I152L were constructed respectively. FRT cells co-expressing CFTR and YFP-H148Q / I152L were obtained by liposome transfection. The expression of CFTR and YFP-H148Q / I152L in FRT cells was observed by an inverted fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry was used to detect the purity of cells; The cell model was identified by the fluorescence quenching kinetics test. The validation of the cell model which could screen CFTR modulators was verified by the fluorescence quenching kinetics experiments. The radioimmunoassay was used to detect the cAMP concentration in cytoplasm after adding CFTR activator. Results: The results of the inverted fluorescence microscope showed that CFTR was expressed in the cell membrane and YFP-H148Q / I152L was expressed in the cytoplasm of FRT cells. The FRT cell model stably co-expressing ANO1 and YFP-H148Q / I152L was successfully constructed. The model could screen CFTR modulators, and the slope of fluorescence change and the concentration of CFTR modulators were in a dose-dependent manner. The slope of the fluorescence could reflect the cAMP concentration in the cytoplasm. The cell model could sensitively detect the intracellular cAMP concentration. Conclusion: The cell model could efficiently and sensitively detect the second messenger cAMP concentration in the cytoplasm, and it provided a simple and efficient method for the study of other targets associated cAMP signal.
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Cyclic AMP , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator , Cytoplasm , Second Messenger SystemsABSTRACT
La enfermedad por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 que surgió en el año 2019 (COVID-19), ha obligado al rápido desarrollo de vacunas para prevenir su propagación e intentar controlar la pandemia. Dentro de las vacunas desarrolladas, las primeras en ser aprobadas con una tecnología nueva en el campo de la vacunación, fueron las vacunas basadas en ARNm (ácido ribonucleico mensajero), que lograron tasas de efectividad cercanas al 95 % para la prevención de la enfermedad COVID-19 grave. Los eventos adversos comunes son reacciones locales leves, pero ha habido varios informes de pacientes que desarrollaron tiroiditis subaguda y disfunción tiroidea después de recibir la vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2. Este artículo presenta dos casos de tiroiditis subaguda poco después de recibir la vacuna contra COVID-19
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease which emerged in 2019 (COVID-19), has forced the rapid development of vaccines to prevent the spread of infection and attempt to control the pandemic. Among the vaccines developed, one of the first to be approved with a new technology in the field of vaccination, was the mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) vaccine, with rates of effectiveness close to 95% for the prevention of severe COVID-19 disease. Common adverse events are mild local reactions, but there have been some reports of patients developing sub-acute thyroiditis and thyroid dysfunction after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This article presents two case reports of subacute thyroiditis shortly after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Thyroiditis, Subacute/chemically induced , Thyrotoxicosis/chemically induced , BNT162 Vaccine/adverse effects , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/adverse effects , Thyroiditis, Subacute/diagnosis , Thyroiditis, Subacute/drug therapy , Thyrotoxicosis/diagnosis , Thyrotoxicosis/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Goiter/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Blood cardioplegia (BC) and Custodiol cardioplegia (CC) have been used for a long time in open heart surgery and are highly effective solutions. The most controversial issue among these two is whether there is any difference between them regarding myocardial damage after ischemia surgery. In this study, autophagy, apoptosis, and hypoxia markers were investigated and that way we evaluated the differences between BC and CC patients. Methods: A total of 30 patients were included in this study, using two different cardioplegic solutions. Three different whole blood samples of the patients were taken from a central vein (preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and one day after surgery). Total ribonucleic acid was extracted from these samples. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed, and changes in gene expression were determined by the 2-∆∆Ct method of relative quantification. Results: In the CC group, Beclin gene expression level was found to be higher and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.0024). Similarly, cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) 9 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) gene expression level increased and were significantly different in the CC group. In the BC group, Beclin and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 expressions were higher in the samples taken one day after surgery. Caspases 3 and 8 gene expressions were significantly different in the BC group. Conclusion: As a result of the analysis performed between the two cardioplegia groups, it has been shown that CC harms the myocardium more than BC at the level of mRNA expression of related markers.
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Humans , Cardioplegic Solutions/therapeutic use , Heart Arrest, Induced , Autophagy , RNA, Messenger , Apoptosis , Hypoxia/drug therapyABSTRACT
Sepsis is a life-threatening multiple organ dysfunction disease with high mortality and has become leading causes of death affecting intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Both long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) are involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis and can regulate the inflammatory response, both of which could be used as important diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets of sepsis. The interaction among lncRNA, miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) plays an important role in sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction. This paper reviewed the regulatory relationship of lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA, as well as the regulatory role of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in inflammatory immune response and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in sepsis, to provide new targets and strategies for the treatment of sepsis and organ dysfunction.
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ObjectiveTo screen out the mRNAs involved in the resistance of hepatoma cells to anlotinib using ceRNA microarray. MethodsHigh-dose shock combined with low-dose induction was used to culture hepatoma cells resistant to anlotinib, and CCK8 assay was used to verify the difference in the proliferation of drug-resistant hepatoma cells treated by anlotinib. The ceRNA microarray was used to screen out the differentially expressed genes between drug-resistant hepatoma cells and normal hepatoma cells, and real-time PCR was used to verify the differentially expressed genes detected by some microarrays. the independent samples t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the overall survival of hepatoma cells samples, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival rates. Fisher’s exact test was used for chip screening. ResultsThere was a significant difference in gene expression between drug-resistant hepatoma cells and normal hepatoma cells, and 10 genes with the greatest difference were screened out for analysis by reducing the range. There were 4 genes associated with drug resistance and tumor growth, i.e., BIRC2, BIRC7, ABCC2, and MAPK8. There were significant reductions in the expression levels of BIRC2, ABCC2, and MAPK8 (P=0001 4, 0001 2, and 0.011 8), and there was a significant increase in the expression of BIRC7 (P＜0.001). The results of real-time PCR were consistent with those of microarray (t=10.74,32.65,18.34, and 2.80; P=0.000 4, 0.000 1, 0.000 1, and 0.044 8). The high expression of BIRC7 and the low expression of MAPK8 were associated with the significant reduction in survival time (P=0.022 0 and 0.005 6). ConclusionBIRC2, BIRC7, ABCC2, and MAPK8 are differentially expressed between anlotinib-resistant hepatoma cells and normal hepatoma cells and may be involved in the resistance of hepatoma cells to anlotinib.
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RESUMEN Las vacunas representan un hito fundamental para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades infectocontagiosas, con repercusión excepcional en la salud mundial. Su valor es incuestionable para evitar la aparición de numerosos padecimientos y muertes cada año. Existen numerosas clasificaciones de las vacunas, según se atienda a diferentes aspectos de su composición, síntesis o naturaleza. En este artículo se presenta una clasificación de los diseños actuales en que se sustentan las diversas plataformas tecnológicas de las vacunas antivirales. Se hace especial énfasis en las basadas en genes, entre ellas las vacunas de ácido ribonucleico mensajero que han recibido un impulso especial en su desarrollo desde el comienzo de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Las implicaciones de la respuesta satisfactoria de las vacunas de ácido ribonucleico mensajero podrían ir más allá de la actual pandemia de la COVID-19. Su éxito podría allanar el camino para el uso generalizado de esta plataforma tecnológica tanto para los patógenos emergentes como para los ya establecidos.
ABSTRACT Although the use of vaccines for disease prevention and control is a relatively recent social and health event, it has no doubt become one of the main tools of modern medicine to fight infectious diseases. The paper presents a classification of current designs substantiating the various technological platforms of antiviral vaccines, with special emphasis on those based on genes, among them messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines, which have experienced considerable development since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The implications of the successful response of messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines could go beyond the current COVID-19 pandemic. Its success could pave the way for the widespread use of this technology platform for both emerging and established pathogens.
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Postmortem interval （PMI） estimation has always been an important and difficult issue in the field of forensic pathology. In recent years, research progress on the estimation of PMI using RNA specific variation patterns after death has been made by researchers at home and aboard. This paper summarizes the specific application methods of messenger RNA and non-coding RNA for PMI estimation based on the literatures and discusses the existing problems and development trends, in order to provide technical reference for related studies and estimation practice.
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Humans , Autopsy , Forensic Pathology , Postmortem Changes , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Untranslated , Time FactorsABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo establish a microRNA-mRNA differential expression network for alcoholic hepatitis (AH), and to investigate new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of AH. MethodsDifferentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs between AH patients and normal controls were screened out. Related software including TargetScan, DIANA, MIRDB, PICTAR, and miRWalk 2.0 was used to search for the target genes of differentially expressed microRNA, and a key microRNA-mRNA network was established using the differentially expressed mRNAs that changed in an opposite way to microRNA. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used for the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analyses of target genes. The GCBI online software (www.gcbi.com.cn) was used for enrichment analysis of target genes and core network establishment. The GeneMANIA database in Cytoscape software (genemania.org) was used to perform a protein-protein interaction analysis of key target genes. The above three methods were compared in terms of the search for key pathways involved in the development of AH. ResultsA key microRNA-mRNA network was established with 5 differentially expressed microRNAs including hsa-mir-21-5p, hsa-mir-148a-3p, and hsa-mir-30e-5p and 51 target genes including collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1), thrombospondin-2 (THBS2), and integrin alpha 6 (IGTA6). A protein-protein interaction network of key target genes was established. The GO analysis and various pathway analyses showed that the PI3K-Akt pathway and local adhesion were closely associated with AH. ConclusionDuring the development of AH, there are complex interactions between the related proteins of key target genes. COL4A1 and THBS2 may promote the development of AH by activating ITGA6 to regulate the PI3K-Akt pathway and the process of local adhesion. The establishment of the microRNA-mRNA network reveals the key links in the development of AH and highlights the focus of research. The discovery of the genes associated with the PI3K-Akt pathway in AH is expected to provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of AH.
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ObjectiveTo establish a microRNA-mRNA differential expression network for alcoholic hepatitis (AH), and to investigate new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of AH. MethodsDifferentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs between AH patients and normal controls were screened out. Related software including TargetScan, DIANA, MIRDB, PICTAR, and miRWalk 2.0 was used to search for the target genes of differentially expressed microRNA, and a key microRNA-mRNA network was established using the differentially expressed mRNAs that changed in an opposite way to microRNA. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used for the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analyses of target genes. The GCBI online software (www.gcbi.com.cn) was used for enrichment analysis of target genes and core network establishment. The GeneMANIA database in Cytoscape software (genemania.org) was used to perform a protein-protein interaction analysis of key target genes. The above three methods were compared in terms of the search for key pathways involved in the development of AH. ResultsA key microRNA-mRNA network was established with 5 differentially expressed microRNAs including hsa-mir-21-5p, hsa-mir-148a-3p, and hsa-mir-30e-5p and 51 target genes including collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1), thrombospondin-2 (THBS2), and integrin alpha 6 (IGTA6). A protein-protein interaction network of key target genes was established. The GO analysis and various pathway analyses showed that the PI3K-Akt pathway and local adhesion were closely associated with AH. ConclusionDuring the development of AH, there are complex interactions between the related proteins of key target genes. COL4A1 and THBS2 may promote the development of AH by activating ITGA6 to regulate the PI3K-Akt pathway and the process of local adhesion. The establishment of the microRNA-mRNA network reveals the key links in the development of AH and highlights the focus of research. The discovery of the genes associated with the PI3K-Akt pathway in AH is expected to provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of AH.
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Pancreatic cancer is a malignant and gastrointestinal tumor.The five year survival for pancreatic cancer is very low.The pathogenic factors for pancreatic cancer are not yet clear.However,more and more studies have showed that lncRNAcontributed to pancreatic cancer proliferation and metastasis through genomic imprinting,chromatin modification,transcriptional activation and inhibition,nuclear transport,and protein function regulation.In recent years,with the continuous deepening of basic researches of pancreatic cancer,there were many long non-coding RNA deregulated in pancreatic cancer,which played an important role in tumororigenesis and metastasis.In this article,we reviewed the relevant researches on the mechanism of lncRNA in the occurrence and metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
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Objective:To obtain the regulatory relationship between genes by screening the differentially expressed long non-coding ribonucleic acid(lncRNA), microRNA(miRNA) and messenger RNA(mRNA) in serum of patients with Yin and Yang syndromes of acute ischemic stroke, and to discuss the material basis and biological mechanism of formation of Yin and Yang syndromes of acute ischemic stroke from the transcriptome level. Method:The microarray chips were adopted to detect expression of lncRNA, mRNA and miRNA in serum of ischemic stroke patients with Yin and Yang syndromes and non-stroke subjects(10 cases each). Differential expression profiles related to Yin and Yang syndromes were selected by conjoint analysis. Further, the obtained differential genes were subjected to antisense lncRNA and mRNA co-expression analysis, gene ontology(GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) functional pathway analysis, and the intergenic regulatory relationship was obtained to predict the target genes of lncRNA. Partial differential genes in 40 patients(10 with Yang syndrome and 30 with Yin syndrome) were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR). Result:The expression of 227 lncRNA, 54 mRNA and 4 miRNA were closely related to Yang syndrome, 394 lncRNA and 206 mRNA were closely related to Yin syndrome. Antisense lncRNA RP11-647P12.1 and RP11-677M14.2 may regulate the expression of neuron-derived neurotrophic factor(NDNF) and neurogranin(NRGN) by up-regulating the expression level in Yang syndrome. The differential expression of mRNA between Yin syndrome and Yang syndrome was mainly related to neurotransmitter receptor activity regulation, endocrine hormone regulation, inflammatory response, renin-angiotensin system and other pathways. Conclusion:There are differences in the expression profiles of lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA between Yin syndrome and Yang syndrome in acute ischemic stroke, which may be regulated by multiple pathways, such as blood pressure regulation, adrenergic receptor regulation, renin-angiotensin system and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA). The transcriptome characteristics provide scientific basis for studying the biological basis of Yin syndrome and Yang syndrome in acute ischemic stroke.